Useful Compare and Contrast in Biology
Comparison between mitosis in plant cell and animal cell
Mitosis
in plant cell
|
Mitosis
in animal cell
|
1.
Centrioles are absent.
|
Centrioles are
present.
|
2.
No aster formation.
|
Aster formation
occurs.
|
3.
Cell plate is formed.
|
No cell plate is
formed.
|
4.
No furrowing of
cytoplasm at cytokinesis.
|
Furrowing of
cytoplasm occurs.
|
5.
Occurs mainly in
meristems.
|
Occurs in tissues
throughout the body.
|
Comparison between unicellular and multicellular organisms
Unicellular
organism
|
Multicellular
organism
|
1.
Body is made up of
single cell
|
Body is made up of
numerous cells
|
2.
Division of labour
is at the organelle level. It gives a low level of operational efficiency
|
Division of labour
may be at cellular, tissue, organ and organ system level. It gives high
degree of operational efficiency
|
3.
A single cell
carries out all the life processes
|
Different cells are
specialized to perform different functions
|
4.
The cell body is
exposed to the environment on all sides
|
Only outer cells are
specialized to face the environment. Inner cells are devoted to other
functions
|
5.
An injury of the
cells can cause death of the organism.
|
Injury or death of
some cells does not affect the organisms as the same can be replaced by new
one.
|
6.
A cell body cannot
attain a large size because of the limit imposed by surface area to volume
ratio
|
A multicellular body
can attain a large size increasing the number of small cells
|
7.
Lifespan is short
due to heavy load of work
|
Lifespan is long due
to limited load of work for each cell type
|
8.
Power of division is
not lost
|
Certain specialized
cells lose power of division
|
9.
A well-marked
capacity of regeneration is present
|
The capacity of
regeneration decreases with increasing specialization
|
10.
The cell has the
same role for itself and the organism
|
Cells have a double
role. One for themselves and other for the organism
|
Comparison between Hormones and vitamins
Hormone
|
Vitamin
|
1.
Synthesized in
endocrine glands and some by neurosecretory cells.
|
Taken along with
food from outside.
|
2.
These are steroids
or proteinous or amino acid derivatives.
|
Simple organic
compounds like amines, esters, organic acids etc.
|
3.
These are excitatory
or inhibitory in action. They never act as coenzymes.
|
These are generally
acts as coenzymes or constituents of coenzymes for enzyme action.
|
4.
Hormones directly
influence gene expressions.
|
Vitamins have
catalytic action.
|
5.
Their deficiency and
overproduction cause metabolic disorders
|
Their deficiency (avitaminosis)
causes specific deficiency diseases.
|
Comparison between continuous and discontinuous variations
Continuous variations
|
Discontinuous variations
|
1. They refer to small, indistinct
differences from the normal condition.
|
They refer to large, conspicuous differences from the parents.
|
2. They are already present in
population.
|
They are new variations through similar variations might have occurred
previously.
|
3. They are also known as fluctuations.
|
They are also known as mutations or spurts.
|
4. They are usually unstable and
non-inheritable.
|
They are usually stable and heritable.
|
5.
They are due to chance segregation of genes during gamete formation,
crossing over or chance combination during fertilization.
|
They are produced by change in genes or genome.
|
6.
They can be represented by smooth curve.
|
A curve is not produced.
|
7.
They are very common in all organisms.
|
They appear suddenly and in few cases only.
|
Comparison between clone and offspring
Clone
|
Offspring
|
1.
It is the product of
asexual reproduction
|
It is the product of
sexual reproduction
|
2.
It is monoparental
(derived from a single parent)
|
It is biparental
(derived from two parents)
|
3.
It is formed by
mitosis. Meiosis does not occur
|
Meiosis occurs prior
to formation of gametes
|
4.
It exactly resembles
the parent
|
It shows variations
from parents
|
5.
There is no
recombination of genes
|
Due to chance
segregation and chance combination of genes, offspring exhibits genetic
variations.
|
Comparison between cytokinesis in plant cell and animal cell
Cytokinesis in plant cell
|
Cytokinesis in animal cell
|
1. Mechanism of cytokinesis is cell
plate.
|
By cell furrow.
|
2. Spindle usually persists.
|
Spindle begins to degenerate.
|
3. Golgian and ER vesicles called
phragmoplasts fuse to form cell plate.
|
A constriction is developed by the contraction of microtubules in the
cell membrane.
|
4. Cell plate grows centrifugally.
|
Cell furrow grows centripetally.
|
Comparison between neural control and hormonal control
Neural
control
|
Hormonal
control
|
1.
Its action is always
quick
|
May be quick acting
or slow acting
|
2.
Information are
transmitted as electrochemical nerve impulses
|
Information are
transmitted as chemical messengers (hormones)
|
3.
Impulse transmission
occurs through nerve fibres
|
Hormonal
transmission occurs through blood
|
4.
Information would be
towards a specific direction (effector organ or CNS)
|
Hormones are
released in general blood circulation from where taken by specific receptor.
|
5.
It is suitable for
quick reactions like reflexes.
|
It is suitable for
long-term changes such as maintenance of pregnancy.
|
6.
Short time effect
|
Long lasting effect
|
Comparison between quick acting hormones and lag period hormones
Quick
acting hormones
|
Slow
acting (Lag period) hormones
|
1.
They act immediately
after secretion (within a few seconds)
|
They act after a lag
period (may be hours or years)
|
2.
They are large sized
molecules so are not diffusible through cell membrane of target cells.
|
They are small sized
molecules so are diffusible through cell membrane
|
3.
The hormone
receptors are present on the cell membrane of target cells
|
The hormone
receptors are present in cytoplasm
|
4.
Their mode of action
is through cascade effect
|
Mode of action is
through mRNA synthesis.
|
5.
They will have
second messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), IP3 etc.
|
No second messengers
|
6.
E.g. Proteinous,
peptide and amine hormones
|
E.g. Steroid
hormones
|
Comparison between Enzymes and Hormones
Enzymes
|
Hormones
|
1.
All enzymes are
proteins
|
They may be
proteins, amines or steroids
|
2.
They are
macromolecules with higher molecular weight
|
They have only low
molecular weight
|
3.
They are
non-diffusible through cell membrane
|
They are diffusible
through cell membrane
|
4.
They either act
intracellularly or carried by some ducts to another site
|
Generally carried by
blood to a target organ
|
5.
Always act as
biological catalysts and increases the rate of metabolic physiological processes.
|
They may be either
excitatory or inhibitory in their action
|
6.
They catalyze
reversible reactions
|
Hormone controlled
reactions are not reversible
|
7.
Reaction rate
increases with increase in their concentration up to a limit.
|
Deficiency or
overproduction of hormone causes metabolic disorders or diseases.
|
8.
They act quickly
|
Some hormones are
quick acting, while some are slow acting with a lag period.
|
9.
They are not used in
metabolic functions
|
They are used up in
metabolic functions.
|
Comparison between Cilia and Flagella
a>
Cilia
|
Flagella
|
1. They are very small sized (5-10µ
long).
|
They are very longer (about 150µ long).
|
2. Their number per cell range from 300
to 14000, occurring all over the cell surface.
|
Number is very less, usually 1-4 per cell.
|
3. They beat in a coordinated rhythm
either simultaneously (synchronous) or one after the other (metachronic).
|
They beat independent of each other.
|
4. They help in locomotion, feeding
circulation, aeration, etc.
|
They help in locomotion only.
|
Comparison between plants and animals
Plants
|
Animals
|
1.
Plant cells contain
chloroplasts bearing chlorophyll
|
Chloroplasts absent
|
2.
They show
photosynthesis
|
They do not show
photosynthesis
|
3.
Dependent upon
inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O
|
They feed on complex
organic compounds
|
4.
They are fixed
organisms but exhibit bending, twisting etc
|
They are capable of
moving the whole body
|
5.
They have branched
body
|
They have compact
body
|
6.
They are
comparatively less sensitive and respond slowly
|
They are more
sensitive and respond very quickly
|
7.
Cellulosic Cell wall
present
|
No cell wall
|
Comparison between Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
|
Sexual reproduction
|
1. It involves no formation and fusion
of gametes
|
It involves formation and fusion of gametes
|
2. It is uniparental
|
It is generally biparental except Taenia, Fasciola etc
|
3. Reproductive units are somatic cells
of parent
|
Reproductive units are germ cells of parent
|
4. It involves only mitotic division
|
It involves meiosis during gamete formation
|
5.
Offspring are genetically similar to parents
|
Offspring are genetically different from parents
|
6.
It occurs by binary fission or multiple fission or budding or fragmentation
|
It occurs by gametogenesis followed by fertilization.
|
Comparison between short range adaptation and long-range adaptation
Short-range adaptation
|
Long-range adaptation
|
1. These are temporary changes
|
These are permanent changes
|
2. These are developed in response to temporary
changes in the environment
|
These are developed in response to permanent changes in the environment
|
3. These are not inheritable
|
These are heritable
|
4. No change in DNA
|
DNA is changed
|
5.
They have no role in evolution
|
They have important role in evolution
|
Comparison between homologous organs and analogous organs
Homologous organs
|
Analogous organs
|
1. Adapted for different functions
|
Adapted for similar functions
|
2. Similar basic plan and origin
|
Different body plan and origin
|
3. It is due to divergent evolution
|
It is due to convergent evolution
|
4. It indicates evolutionary relationship
|
It does not indicate evolutionary relationship
|
5.
Example: Forelimbs of vertebrates
|
Example: Wings of insect and birds
|
Comparison between Spontaneous and Induced mutations
Spontaneous
mutations
|
Induced
mutations
|
1.
It is caused by
natural agents, so it is also known as natural mutations or background
mutations.
|
It is caused by man
|
2.
Frequency of
mutation is very low (about one per million genes)
|
It is very faster
|
3.
It is due to mutagens in many cellular products such as
formaldehyde, nitrous acid, peroxides etc
|
It is due to physical
mutagens (radiations, temperature etc) and chemical mutagens (mustard gas,
vinyl chloride, acridine dyes, ammonia etc)
|
Comparison between Somatogenic variations and Blastogenic variations
Somatogenic
variations
|
Blastogenic
(Germinal) variations
|
1.
It involves somatic cells
|
It involves germ cells
of gonads.
|
2.
It is also called acquired
variation as it occurs during the lifespan of an individual.
|
It occurs in gametogenesis
in parents
|
3.
It is developed in response
to changes in environmental factors like temperature, food, humidity, light intensity
etc
|
It is developed due to
mutations or recombination of genes
|
4.
It is not heritable.
It has no role in heredity and evolution and is lost with the death of organism.
|
It is heritable variation.
It transmits from one generation to another. It has great role in evolution.
|
5.
Examples: Better developed
muscles in an athlete, gymnastics etc. Development of median eye in the larva
of Fundulus fish developing in magnesium chloride containing water.
|
Examples: Polydactyly
in man
Sickle cell anaemia
|
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