Evolution of Seed Habit Part 7
A
family of about 400 genera and 9000 species, the members of this family
occurs all over the world, but particularly in the warm temperate
regions. In Pakistan about 82 genera and about 587 species have been
reported.
Familiar plants: Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Arachis hypogeal (peanut), Cicer arietinum (chick pea) and dalbergia sissoo (shisham).
Fig 9.27 Fabaceae (Papilionaceae): Sesbania sesbar; A-twig; B-flower; B1 standard verillium; C-fruit a legume; D-carpel
Vegetative
characters: habit: trees shrubs or herbs. Stem: herbaceous, or woody or
climber by tendrils (wiry, coiled thread like structures). Leaves:
compound or rarely simple, sometimes partially or completely modified
into tendrils, alternate, stipulate; stipules mostly leafy.
Floral characters: Inflorescence: Racemose or solitary axillary. Flowers: bisexual,zygomorphic, bracteates, pedicellate, perigynous, pentamerous and papilionaceous.Calyx: 5sepals, more or less united in a tube, mostly hairy. Corolla:
papilionaceous; petals 5, usually clawed, dissimilar; the upper
posterior petal is large and conspicuous and is called standard or
vexillum, 2-lateral ones free called wings and 2 anterior inner most
that fuse to form a boat-shaped structure called the keel or carina. Androecium: stamens 10, mostly diadelphous (united by their filaments in 2 groups), 9 fused to form a sheath round the pistil, while 10th posterior one is free. Gynoecium: a simple pistil, 1-carpeled, with 1-locule; ovary superior; ovary and style long, style bent at is bar, placentation (mono carpellary) marginal. Fruit: usually a legume or pod, showing a great variety of form in various species.
Economic importance:
the family is of considerable importance as a source of high-protein
food, oil, and forage as well as ornamentals and other uses. Main
importance lies in the pulses, belonging to this family, which are used
as food, some important and common species of pulse yielding plants are:
gram, pea, kidney bean. These pulses are rich in protein contents.
Medicago sativa Alfafa is one of the world’s best forage crop for horses. Vicia, Melilotus and Trifolium
are also cultivated as main fodder crops. Many trees of this family
provide excellent timber for building, furniture and fuel. Main timber
plants are butea. Dalbergia etc.
Seeds of arachis hypogeal
peanut are edible and also used for extraction of peanut oil which
after hydrogenation is used as a vegetable oil. Indigo dyes are obtained
from indigofera tinctoria and butea monosperma, yielding yellow dye from flowers.
Many plants of this family are important for medicines: these include Glycyrrhiza glabra for cough and cold, and Clitoria ternatea is used against snake bite. The red and white seeds of abrus precatorious are used by jewelers as weights called “ratti”. Some important ornamental plants include lathyrus, lupines, Clitoria, butea etc.
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